Gnathostomiasis is a parasitic infection that results from the migration of third-stage (L3) larvae of the nematode genus Gnathostoma through human tissues. It is mainly endemic in Asia, particularly Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries, but has also been reported in Mexico and Latin America.
It can have a variety of symptoms, including fever, excess tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In some people, the condition can be serious and even cause central nervous system disease.
What is gnathostomiasis
Gnathostomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects humans. It is caused by the third larval stage of nematodes (worms). The most common species infecting people is Gnathostoma spinigerum, but other species can cause disease as well.
The parasite enters the body through the food we eat. It may be found in our stomach, intestines, liver, and bloodstream. Some people experience no symptoms or have fever, excess tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
In other people, the parasite can migrate under the skin to form swellings that are red, itchy, or painful. These swellings move around and may not be pitted, meaning they can’t be pushed on with your finger to get an indentation.
Gnathostomiasis can be very serious and can involve the central nervous system. Infection of the brainstem can lead to seizures, paralysis, or death. It can also lead to ocular involvement, including eye ulcers, anterior uveitis, and subretinal hemorrhages.
Symptoms of gnathostomiasis
The symptoms of gnathostomiasis vary depending on the location of the infection and the species of nematode. They can occur in a cutaneous form and a visceral form.
In a cutaneous form, the worms cause linear nonpitting oedema that may be erythematous or pruritic. Often, the lesion is solitary but multiple lesions have been reported.
Symptoms can develop within 24 to 48 hours after ingestion of the nematode. These include fever, urticaria, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
If ocular involvement is present, iris holes, anterior uveitis and subretinal hemorrhages are common. Eye examinations can also show the presence of a worm inside the eye socket.
In addition to ocular manifestations, peripheral blood eosinophilia is an important clinical indicator. It can be a useful tool to differentiate gnathostomiasis from other helminth infections, such as strongyloidiasis or cutaneous eosinophilic myiasis.
Causes of gnathostomiasis
Gnathostomiasis is caused by ingestion of a nematode (round worm) larva, called Gnathostoma spinigerum. It is a parasite that infects many vertebrates, including humans.
The infection can occur through oral, transplacental, or skin wounds. It is most common after ingestion of contaminated fish or eel flesh, but can also be transmitted by drinking water containing copepods that are inhabited by infected gnathostome larvae.
Visceral gnathostomiasis is less common, but it can be fatal when it affects the lungs, bladder, eyes, and central nervous system. It can result in cough, hematuria, meningitis, encephalitis, and eosinophilia.
Does Ivermectin Treat gnathostomiasis?
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug used to treat infections caused by certain parasites, including Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm) and Onchocerca volvulus (river blindness). It comes as an oral tablet or as a cream that you apply to your skin.
Ivermectin works by inducing paralysis of the microfilariae, the young worms that cause symptoms of gnathostomiasis. Your doctor will check your microfilariae counts before and after you take this medication, to make sure it is working well for you.
Your doctor may also have you do eye exams to see if this medication is causing any serious problems in your eyes. If it is, your doctor may choose another drug or wait longer before you can take this medication.
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Risk factors of gnathostomiasisÂ
The risk factor for gnathostomiasis is consuming raw or marinated seafood. Symptoms of gnathostomiasis occur weeks to months after ingesting raw or marinated fish, eels, frogs, snakes and birds.
In endemic areas, persons should be educated about the dangers of consuming raw or marinated seafood. Patients who have migratory subcutaneous swellings with hyper-eosinophilia after eating raw or marinated seafood should be screened for gnathostomiasis.
The development of new diagnostic tools is important to reduce the burden of gnathostomiasis. Proteomics can be used to identify potential antigens and provide a better understanding of parasite-host interactions. These studies should be useful for identifying new drugs and vaccines.
Precautions
- Gnathostomiasis is a parasitic infection that occurs in people who eat raw or undercooked meat. The third-stage larvae of the nematode Gnathostoma spinigerum migrate through the gastric wall and into the liver, intestines and other organs.
- It can cause a variety of symptoms including fever, pain, diarrhea and abdominal swelling. It can also cause organ damage and even death in severe cases.
- Symptoms usually occur within several weeks after consuming a parasite-containing food. However, the infection can linger for years without treatment.
- The most important precautions are cooking meat thoroughly and avoiding contact with other foods that have been exposed to the parasite.
- Other ways to prevent gnathostomiasis include staying away from areas where the parasites are common, making sure that meats are cooked through and washing cutting boards and other surfaces thoroughly after coming into contact with raw meat.
- Gnathostomiasis can be diagnosed by using serological tests such as an immunoblot test or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nevertheless, the results of these tests are not always clear and cross-reactions may occur. Therefore, it is best to consult your doctor when dealing with gnathostomiasis.